Copper or Fiber in Commercial Aircraft?

By Contributed Article | May 04, 2015

Which is the better option – copper of fiber – in commercial aircraft? Earle Olson of TE Connectivity discusses the benefits of fiber in today’s increasingly sophisticated commercial airplanes.

 

commercial aircraft LCD

Requirements for high-definition video- and games-on-demand are being met by fiber-optic systems.

Commercial aircraft run on information. As aircraft designers embrace the concept of MEA (more electric aircraft) to replace mechanical control systems, embedded computers are evolving to handle increased signal processing and control loads. From increasingly sophisticated radar to the sensors and actuators controlling the flight systems, almost nothing happens without electronics. Passenger amenities – principally in-flight entertainment and Internet access – also benefit, as high-definition video, high-speed on-line connectivity, and a host of value-added services are available with the additional electronics.

The Need for High Speeds

The ability to pack evermore processing power into smaller packages also enables distributed avionics, which puts the processing power closer to the point of use rather than in a centralized avionics bay. It also creates the need for communication between the distributed boxes.

High processing loads mean faster embedded computers and faster interconnections between boxes, actuators, and sensors. While protocols like IEEE 1394 and USB are being utilized, Ethernet has emerged as the de facto favorite, with 1Gb/s today (and 10Gb/s soon) required to carry the load.

The Need for SWaP

Aircraft designers are always looking to reduce SWaP – size, weight, and power consumption – to create better fuel efficiency and lower operating costs. Smaller connectors with lightweight composite shells rather than heavier metal shells are complemented by cables and harnessing components that are likewise smaller and lighter. Designers are evaluating composite enclosures as a replacement for aluminum ones – thereby achieving up to 40% weight savings. Smaller and lighter, they must also be built to survive the environmental, vibration, and other hazards common in aircraft.

Speed Versus Distance: The Benefits of Fiber Optics

High-bandwidth/matched-impedance copper cables on aircraft have co-existed with fiber applications for decades. For copper cables, higher data rates mean shorter transmission distances. Also, electronic density increases mean shielding may be required to diminish electromagnetic interference (EMI), and shielding increases cable size and weight. Designers now find fiber optics make better sense technically and economically in some applications.

An optical cable has three main benefits:

  • Smaller size and weight – While fiber-to-copper comparisons depend on specific cable configurations, consider “generic” baseline cables: A duplex fiber-optic cable offers approximately 25% space savings and 50% weight savings over a shielded PVC Cat 5e cable.
  • EMI immunity  Since optical fibers are inherently immune to electrical noise – neither receiving nor radiating energy they can be applied without concern for EMI control. The potential need to shield copper cables only drives up size and weight.
  • Longer transmission distances  While many interconnect distances in aircraft are relatively short, passenger cabins in commercial aircraft can present end-to-end challenges for copper cable.

Fiber optics also help increase the longevity of the physical layer of the aircraft’s network, allowing new services to be introduced that require higher data rates. Designers don’t have to worry that a new service will obsolete the cabling infrastructure, or, put another way, that the existing infrastructure won’t allow the new service.

Cabin Systems Make a Perfect Fiber Fit

To illustrate the pro-fiber argument, consider the video system in a passenger aircraft. Airlines are moving from a few overhead screens to providing seat-back screens for each passenger. This move also allows revenue-enhancing on-demand services tailored to each passenger—choice of movies and broadcast television, music with flexible playlists, games, or shopping.

The illustration below compares both a traditional copper system and a fiber-to-the-screen system. Fiber-optic cable can be run directly from the server to the screen. This “home-run architecture” eliminates the intermediate switches, zone boxes, and seat electronics required with a copper system. Weight savings per seat is about 60% over legacy copper systems. Beyond the reduction in complexity, a fiber optic system can have bandwidth to spare. Multimode fibers can easily carry data rates of >10Gb/s across the length of even the largest wide-body aircraft.

copper vs fiber in aircraft

Fiber optics simplifies IFE by providing higher bandwidth and longer transmission distances than copper cable. (Source: TE Connectivity)

One example of this approach is the Lumexis FTTS (Fiber-To-The-Screen) system, which will be available soon on the 737-800, 787-900, and 787 MAX aircraft. The system uses 50/125 optical fibers home run to each seat-back screen. Typically, there are production-break interconnections at the side walls or floor – one at the server end and one at the seat end – to make installation and maintenance easier. These production breaks, for example, allow cables from the server to side wall and from side wall to screen to be standardized. The longer cables in the side wall or under the floor will vary in length, depending on distance from server to seat.

TE MC801 connectors

MC801 connectors (Source: TE Connectivity)

Because fiber-optic inserts are available for most industry-standard aviation connectors, designers have a wide range of options. Ceramic ferrule physical-contact termini are the most common, with connector options that include ARINC, EN4165, and MIL-DTL-38999 Series III styles. TE Connectivity recently introduced the MC801 connector, which combines industry-standard ARINC 801 termini and a 38999-style shell. The choice of connector depends in part on the degree of modularity desired. A high-fiber-count connector simplifies connectivity, but limits modularity. For repeated mating/unmating at the side wall or low leg interface, a termini with a protected expanded-beam interface provides high mating-cycle durability and easy cleaning. ARINC 845, which covers expanded beam technologies, recently selected TE’s PRO BEAM EB16 terminus for such applications. The terminus fits size 16 cavities in industry-standard connector inserts.

Fiber or Copper? Both Have a Place

The question often arises: When is fiber going to make copper obsolete? The fact is, it isn’t. The two will coexist for the foreseeable future, each being employed where it makes the most sense. Each has specific advantages, from the comfortable familiarity of copper to the high-bandwidth capabilities of fiber over longer distances. As systems are challenged to offer users a seamless experience in handling data, video, and other bandwidth-hungry processes, both optical and copper connectivity must ensure that the end-to-end solution can accommodate production breaks in the path. While both technologies continue to evolve and give designers new options in meeting ever-increasing data loads, fiber is finding wider use as its weight savings, high bandwidth capability, and longer transmission distances become ever more important.

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Earle Olson is business development manager in TE Connectivity‘s Aerospace, Defense & Marine division.

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